5 Causes of Depression in College Students

Oct 05, 2023

College: it’s sometimes called “the best time in your life”. There’s new people, new situations, a huge variety of extra-curriculars to choose from, all while learning about yourself and the world… it is a time full of potential.

But it’s not always like the feel-good movies about college students portray. In recent years, the cultural perspective of college is shifting to open up to the difficult side of young adult student life, including the increasingly common mental health struggles that go with it.

There are untold personal and social pressures that can wreak havoc on one’s self-esteem. It’s a time of experimentation, individuation, growth and risks. It’s also a time of stress and expectations for growing into a self-sufficient adult, for many, complete with learning “adulting” habits like self-care, self-regulation and self-reliance. For some, it’s a time of loneliness, isolation, or avoidance.

Because of all this, it is a period of increased risk for mental health concerns. Rates of college student mental health issues are rising at alarming rates, with the #1 and #2 issues being depression and anxiety.

The good news is that there are ways to prevent or help improve mood and anxiety struggles as you complete your studies. Below are 5 of the most common causes of depression in college, with ways to help yourself improve your mental and overall health.

1. Poor eating habits

One of the most common things to happen is that diet habits change. Either out of convenience, unfamiliarity with cooking, stress, or 24/7 access to cafeteria food and take-out, many college students see an initial shift towards a less healthy diet. In pop culture, this is known as putting on the “freshman 15”, a common phenomenon of weight gain in freshman year due to unhealthy diet choices.

Unfortunately, this can also increase one’s vulnerability to struggling with depression. High-carb, high-sugar, highly-processed meals with low nutrient density and few vitamins, increases inflammation in the brain while also depriving the body of the building blocks needed to create “feel-good” neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Inflammatory foods, artificial colours and flavours, along with substances like alcohol, nicotine and caffeine, can contribute to changes in concentration, and a rise in anxiety.

Simply choosing healthy meals with anti-inflammatory properties that provide good amounts of protein, healthy fats, and vegetables goes a long way to preventing mood issues and mitigating stress and anxiety.

One of the best diets to follow is called The Essential Diet: Eating for Mental Health, created specifically to teach brain-healthy eating habits to those who want to support their mental health. The basics are: lots of fresh vegetables, the right amount of protein and good fats, selective whole-grain carbohydrates, low sugar, caffeine and alcohol, all prepared with minimal processing and eaten at appropriate times (ie not skipping meals or eating on irregular schedules). For more info about The Essential Diet, click here: https://amzn.to/2LojaP7

2. Lack of exercise

For reasons similar to why many college students adopt poor eating habits, exercise can also be neglected. With new demands on time and attention, it can be easy to let exercise habits fall away in favour of studying, socializing, or other more exciting events.

The best motivation to continue (or to start) exercising is in the research: recent studies show that regular aerobic and strength training exercise is as effective at treating depression as antidepressants- without the negative side weight, mood, and sexual side effects (in fact exercise benefits all three). Exercise also helps to reduce stress hormones and improve sleep, both very important factors in mental wellness.

It’s even more beneficial for your mental health when you exercise with others and when you do it outside. That’s all the more reason to join a recreational sports team or movement group. Anything from Zumba dancing to speed walking, getting out there benefits your brain. Even simply walking in the sunshine between classes can lift your mood.

3. Irregular sleep rhythms

This is a very common cause of mood and anxiety issued in college, maybe even the #1 cause. Even if you’re eating well and exercising, if your sleep is disrupted or sacrificed regularly enough, it has a huge impact on mental health. Poor sleep doesn’t just affect the day after – sleep deprivation has been shown to increase stress levels for days after a particularly disrupted sleep.

The body’s rhythm of sleeping and waking hormones is called the circadian rhythm. Major and even minor disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle have been linked to metabolic, hormonal and mental health issues including depression and anxiety. So protecting your sleep is, in fact, one of the best ways to protect your mental health.

It doesn’t always have to mean missing out- you can make sure you get 7-8 hours of good quality sleep most nights is a good goal to aim for. Good quality means little waking during the night, and waking feeling rested.

To help your circadian rhythm, sleep hygiene is the name of the game. Sleep hygiene is a set of practices to help your body “turn down the energy” at the end of the day to ensure a restful, good quality sleep. Some major sleep hygiene tips are:

Not looking at screens for 1 hour before bed
Establishing a regular relaxing bedtime routine
Making sure that the sleep environment is pleasant, dark, and peaceful
Limiting daytime naps
Avoiding caffeine and nicotine close to bedtime, maybe even after 12 pm
Exercising during the day
Not eating within 3 hours of bedtime
Ensuring adequate exposure to natural light during the day

4. Stress

Some stress may be an inevitable part of the college experience, but its negative consequences don’t have to be.

Stress hormones, like cortisol and norepinephrine, are released when the body perceives something as being threatening, scary, or too much to handle. The body is essentially mobilizing energy and resources to get us away from the threat. This is a good evolutionary survival technique, but the only problem is that the body can’t tell the difference between being stressed about running away from a tiger and being stressed about a final exam.

Having a large amount of stress, or sustained stress for a long period of time can lead to a stress response that mobilizes the “fight-or-flight” response in the body. This response contributes to a decreased immune system, disrupted blood sugar levels, poor digestion, low energy, anxiety, and depression.

Therefore, reducing stress is at the core of preventing or healing many conditions, certainly not least of which are mood and anxiety. One of the most effective ways to reduce daily stress is to build in self-regulation moments into your routine. Take short breathing breaks to stimulate the vagus nerve to help switch your body from the sympathetic (fight-or-flight) to the parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) mode of operation. Other activities like yoga, mindful meditation, and tai chi are very helpful for reducing cortisol. And finally, aerobic and strength-training exercise and proper sleep go a long way to reduce daytime stress hormones.

The key is to find a regular activity you can do for yourself and only for yourself. So much stress can come from feeling like we always need to be productive. Finding a self-care routine for the sole purpose of maintaining your mental health can make a big difference in your day-to-day stress level.

5. Relationships

College is a time of meeting and making new friends. It can be enticing to follow the crowd and fit in, in order to have a sense of belonging. But it’s also a time of immense self-discovery, influenced by the things we choose to spend our time and attention on. There’s a saying that “you are the combination of the 5 people you spend the most time with”. Especially in college it is important to seek out influences that build you up instead of fill you with self-doubt, jealousy, longing, and anxiety. Here are a few (brutally honest) pointers about how to feel your mental health through healthy relationships at college:

Don’t hang out with people that don’t make you feel good, alive, or excited
Find 5 people that you feel inspired by (not jealous of)
Don’t hang out with people who make you feel bad about being yourself
Find 2 people you could call on during any emergency
Spend time with people you want to be like, whose habits you would want to adopt
Don’t spend time with people who drain your energy
Be courageous enough to be disliked by some people (that’s ok, as long as you’re being your best self. You can’t please everyone)

Of course, the MOST IMPORTANT relationship you have is the relationship with yourself. You spend 100% of your day with your own thoughts, so taking care of self-talk is one of the most caring things we can do for ourselves. If you know that you speak harshly to yourself or judge yourself, learning to introduce self-compassion and self-acceptance is the first step along the path to self-love.

Working with your thoughts is the bedrock for being able to take action on the other 4 points in this article. If you can come from a place of wanting to help yourself, you will find endlessly more motivation to exercise, reduce stress, eat right, and sleep well than if you are trying to punish yourself, change your body, or run away from something.

Student mental health is on the radar for a lot of colleges now because so many students are struggling. Seek out a counselling session to talk about stressors and concerns you have. College is an exciting time and there are ways to support yourself in order to experience it with a full and open heart and resilience against mood and anxiety issues.

For more information about working with your mental health in a natural way, read Beyond the Label: 10 steps to Improve Your Mental Health with Naturopathic Medicine. https://amzn.to/34vBH3g